Decision-making for the treatment of occlusal caries in the Brazilian public health system

Decision-making for the treatment of occlusal caries in the Brazilian public health system

Toma de decisiones para el tratamiento de caries oclusales en el sistema de salud público brasileño

About the authors:
  • http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3586-0580 Gomes, Catia aff1
  • http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-647X Nayalle Lopes, Barbara aff2
  • http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2071-1750 Fernandes Maranhão, Valéria aff3
  • http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6610-1910 Guerra Botelho, Kátia Virginia aff4
  • http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3842-192X Vilela Heimer, Mônica aff5
  • http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9748-5830 dos Santos Junior, Valdeci Elias corresp1 aff6 valdeciodonto@gmail.com
  • aff1  Integrated School of Pernambuco, Brazil.
  • aff2  Integrated School of Pernambuco, Brazil
  • aff3  Integrated School of Pernambuco, Brazil.
  • aff4  Integrated School of Pernambuco, Brazil.
  • aff5  University of Pernambuco. Brazil.
  • aff6  Federal University of Alagoas. Brazil.
Authors notes:
valdeciodonto@gmail.com
License:

Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional.

view the permissions of this license
Abstract

Introduction: Caries diagnosis errors have become a public health problem. Objective: Verify the consistency in terms of decision-making between Brazilian dentists from the country's public health system and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and evaluate the influence of professional experience on the management of the decay. Methods: There are 80 dentists in the public health service of Recife city, Brazil. All dentists were invited to participate in this cross-sectional study. Forty dentists agreed to answer questions about their decision-making in relation to the treatment of occlusal caries in low, moderate and high-risk caries situations. The time of clinical experience, the use of methods for the assessment of caries risk and the lesion activity were also inquired about. The T-test was applied with a significance level of 5 % to compare the correlation between the International Caries Detection and Assessment System scores regarding the mean age of participants. Results: The disagreement between the dentists and the criteria used by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System for decision-making were mainly related to the sound surfaces or lesions restricted to the tooth enamel. It was thus verified that lack of consistency for the low-risk condition reached a score of 3 (32 %), while moderate (95 %) and high-risk (85 %) conditions lay at a classification code of 0. The time of professional experience was not considered to have interfered with decision-making on any scale, regardless of the risk condition of the patient (p> 0.05). Conclusions: A divergence in terms of decision-making between dentists of the public health system and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System could be observed, specifically regarding sound surfaces or surfaces with lesions restricted to the tooth enamel. Furthermore, professional experience was seen as not influencing the management of caries.

Resumen

Introducción: Los errores de diagnóstico de caries se han convertido en un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: Verificar la concordancia de la toma de decisiones entre los dentistas brasileños del sistema de salud pública del país y el Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries (ICDAS), así como evaluar la influencia de la experiencia profesional en el manejo de la caries. Métodos: De los 80 dentistas que existen en servicio público de salud en la ciudad de Recife, Brasil, todos fueron invitados a participar en este estudio transversal. Cuarenta dentistas acordaron responder sobre su toma de decisión en relación con el tratamiento de la caries oclusal en situaciones de caries de bajo, moderado y alto riesgo. El tiempo de experiencia clínica, el uso de métodos para la evaluación del riesgo de caries y la actividad de la lesión también fueron cuestionados. La prueba T, para un nivel de significancia del 5 %, fue aplicada para comparar la correlación entre los escores del Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries en relación con el promedio de edad de los participantes. Resultados: El desacuerdo entre los dentistas y los criterios utilizados por el ICDAS para la toma de decisiones se concentró en los códigos de clasificación que representan superficies sanas o lesiones restringidas al esmalte de los dientes. Se verificó así que la falta de consistencia para la condición de bajo riesgo se concentró en la puntuación de 3 (32 %), mientras que las condiciones moderada (95 %) y de alto riesgo (85 %) se concentraron en los códigos de clasificación de 0. El factor tiempo de experiencia profesional no interfirió en la prevalencia de concordancia de la toma de decisión para cualquier escore, independientemente de la condición de riesgo del paciente (p> 0,05). Conclusiones: Se pudo observar una divergencia en cuanto a la toma de decisiones entre los dentistas del sistema de salud pública y el Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries, específicamente con respecto a superficies sanas o superficies con lesiones restringidas al esmalte de los dientes. Además, la experiencia profesional no influyó en el manejo de la caries.

Keywords
    • International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS);
    • occlusal caries;
    • decision-making.
Palabras clave
    • Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries (ICDAS);
    • caries oclusales;
    • toma de decisiones.

INTRODUCTION

The diagnosis of carious lesions on occlusal surfaces have become increasingly more complex given the new concepts involving etiopathogenesis of the decay, as well as the unavailability of precise instruments and the lack of consistency of diagnosis methods.(1,2,3,4) Even with the technological developments, a high discrepancy is still observed among the groups of examiners, mainly regarding the treatment of dental caries in occlusal surfaces without cavitation.(5)

The variability of diagnoses may lead to arbitrary decisions, culminating in a public health issue. Invariably, diagnosis errors can conduce to less conservative and irreversible treatments based on a vicious cycle of mistakes and iatrogenesis.(6,7) The causal factors which lead to this discrepancy in diagnoses are: age of the examiner, training, skills, preferences and experience.(8)

However, it is observed that the ideal option for the decision of dental caries treatment is the one that is best suited to the reality and to the individual needs of the patient. Therefore, the several risk factors identified should be assessed and related with the disease, in order to establish the individual risk of caries and thus settle to an individualised treatment plan.(2,3)

The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS)(9) has proven to be a promising option for standardising the treatment of caries based on its diagnosis.(10) For such, it is considered mandatory to assess the factors such as the patient's risk of caries, the activities and the extension of the carious lesion, in addition to the traditional approach for cavitation detection.(2) Moreover, the ICDAS indicates the advantages of assessing initial lesions and the possibility of classifying lesions according to their severity and intervention needs.(11)

Thereby, this work was aimed at verifying the concordance of the decision-making between Brazilian dentists from the public health system and the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II), as well as to evaluate the influence of professional experience on the management of the disease.

METHODS

This present research is a cross-sectional study, carried out in the city of Recife, in the Brazilian State of Pernambuco, which was endorsed by the Ethics Committee on research of the Integrated Faculty of Pernambuco (Protocol N. 2.307.072/2017). There are 80 dentists on public health service in Recife city, Brazil. All dentists were invited for this cross-sectional study. Forty dentists agreed to take part in the study after the signature of a free and clarified consent term (FCCT) and an explanation of the research.

Images of the ordinal scale system from the ICDAS were obtained through the official online course platform of the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (https://www.icdas.org/icdas-e-learning-course ), with the decision-making being assessed by the interviewees, regarding the low, moderate and high risk of caries, as established by the ICDAS II(9) (Fig. 1). Each score was accordingly explained in terms of the degree of dental tissue involvement and the extension of the lesion. None of the interviewees had received any type of training on the criteria adopted by the ICDAS until that moment.

Before being questioned about decision-making, the description of each risk condition of caries was given to the respondents. These concepts followed the parameters adopted by the ICDAS II, using the ICCMSTM as a risk assessment tool.(9)

The correlation between decision-making was subject to the correct choice of treatment proposed by the dental surgeons, subsequently being compared with the parameters of decision-making established by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Therefore, the criteria for decision-making stated by the ICDAS(9) were considered gold standard for this research (table 1). Furthermore, the clinical experience was also questioned, as well as whether the patient's risk of caries and the lesion activity had been assessed in the decision-making.

After having collected the data and categorising the variables, a database was created for statistical analysis using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 21. The normal distribution of quantitative data was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, with the T-test was applied to compare the parameters of decision-making established by ICDAS with treatment proposed by the dental surgeons taking into account the clinical experience. The statistical tests were carried out with an error margin of 5.0 %, with the descriptive statistics being presented through graphs.

RESULTS

All interviewees acknowledged making use of the patient's individual risk assessment of caries, as well as verifying caries lesion activity aimed at directing clinical decision-making. The average clinical time of the sample was of 22.08 ± 11.56 years.

The data concerning clinical decision-making for low, moderate and high-risk conditions are exhibited in figure 2. It was thus verified that the lack of consistency for the low-risk condition was concentrated at the score of 3 (32,5 % of disagree), %), while the moderate (95 %) and high-risk (85 %) conditions were concentrated at the classification codes of 0. As for the analysis of divergences regarding the type of choice of conduct, it could be observed that the majority of respondents adopted a more invasive conduct when compared to the ones proposed by the ICDAS.

Table 2 illustrates that the time of clinical experience does not interfere on the prevalence of consistency in any condition on the occlusal surface, regardless of the patient's risk condition (p> 0.05).

DISCUSSION

Untreated dental caries remains a challenge to public health in poor communities.(12) In Brazil, as well as in other parts of the world, caries mobilizes a great part of the financial resources in terms of public health applied to odontology.(13,14) This research was carried out using a sample consisting of dental surgeons from the Brazilian public health system, who, mainly, look after the economically deprived community, in which dental caries are widely polarised.(15)

Regarding the management of public resources, limited at times, the conviction of the clinical decision-making is extremely important to avoid over-treatments unsuited to the patient's needs.(16,17) Therefore, the assessment of individual caries risk is proven to be a predictive tool which directs to a more adequate choice of medical conduct, as it is based on the etiopathogenesis of the caries disease.(2,3)

The variety of signs that characterise the different stages of the carious lesions assessed reflect the dynamics of a progressive disease that poses a challenge on its diagnosis, as well as on the consequent clinical decision-making.(18,19) It is worth pointing out that the detection of only the presence or lack of lesion does not take into account the stages of its development or the specific etiopathogenesis of the caries disease, which may thus reflect on treatments unsuitable to the real needs of the patient.(20)

In order to minimise the variability in the management of the carious process, the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) was developed based on three structuring axes: assessment of the medical and odontological background, intra-oral assessment and data synthesis for clinical decision-making.(9) Several studies(21,22,23,24) have exhibited adequate validation and reproducibility on the evaluation of carious lesions on deciduous and permanent teeth, even when only photography is used for such purpose, which justifies the exclusive use of the assessment tool presented in this study.(25)

When assessing the concordance of the treatment decision in comparison with the parameters established by the ICDAS II (Chart 2), conflicting situations could be observed for the suggestions of treatment of enamel microcavities (Score 3) for all risk conditions. When the risk of caries was considered low, the correlation levels for all classifications were higher than 67.5 %. However, when the risk of caries was considered moderate and high, the discrepancies were concentrated around the scores of 0,1 and 2, varying between 50 % and 95 %.

For a moderate-risk, a discrepancy level of 95 % could be observed for the classification scale of 0 and of 80 % for the scale of 1. As for the high-risk condition, the divergence level for the classification scale of 0 was of 85 %, 62.5 % for the scale of 1 and 50 % for scale 2. These data corroborated with the findings by Oliveira et al.,(11) who affirms that there is a greater difficulty associated with the diagnosis process of dental caries in carious lesions at an initial stage of decay, with the decision-making being consequently more dramatic.

The lack of consensus regarding the treatment proposed, as observed from the data collected, may reflect on the mere subjectivity of a diagnosis process based only on parameters that do not contemplate the complex aetiology of the caries disease, resulting in excessive and inefficient treatments, with a direct influence on the patient's oral health. Thus, based on the results presented, it can be inferred that the inappropriate use of caries diagnosis has posed a threat to patients, who may be submitted to unnecessary invasive dental restoration, inducing a subsequent vicious cycle of restorations, culminating in the complete loss of the dental element.(26)

The results of this research demonstrate a conflicting situation, given that all dental surgeons claimed evaluating the risk of caries and the lesion activity as conditions for their decision-making. A customary paradox can be observed between what is practiced in terms of diagnosis and what is in fact exercised in terms of decision-making. It was possible to verify that, in the face of doubts on establishing the administration of caries lesions, in most cases, the most invasive treatments are considered a safer alternative, indicating that the concept of health promotion and disease prevention is still not present in the current clinical practice.

According to Diniz et al.(27) the correct form of clinical decision-making regarding dental caries may be influenced by multiple factors such as age, medical training, skills, preferences and experience. However, concerning clinical experience, Zandona et al.(28) compared the different levels of clinical experience and concluded that this variable did not contribute to the correct use of the criteria established by the ICDAS. This fact corroborates with the findings of this present research about the influence of time of experience on the correct decision-making. No statistical difference could be verified regarding age average and the correct or incorrect correlation with the scale classification adopted by the ICDAS II (p> 0.05).

It was possible to observe that there is no consensus among dental professionals that caries lesion is the result of a dynamic and complex process, and that its aetiology is linked to the form of treatment.(18,19) Furthermore, initial lesions on the tooth enamel may be prevented using non-surgical treatments, such as dental remineralisation with fluorinated products, diet control, biofilm removal, as well as pit and fissure sealants, leaving behind the old paradigm that all caries should be restored(29,30).

Conclusions

A divergence on the decision-making among dentists of the Brazilian public health system and the ICDAS regarding sound occlusal surfaces or lesions restricted to the dental enamel could thus be observed. Furthermore, professional experience was seen as not influencing on the management of dental caries.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES
  • 1. Haikal DS, Roberto LL, Martins AMEBL, Paula AMB, Ferreira EFE. Validity of self-perceived dental caries as a diagnostic test and associated factors in adults. Cad Saude Publica. 2017 Aug 21;33(8):e00053716.
  • 2. Ismail AI, Pitts NB, Tellez M. The International Caries Classification and Management System (ICCMSâ„¢) An Example of a Caries Management Pathway. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(Suppl 1):S9.
  • 3. Hernández Fernández A, Oñate Sánchez RE, Fernández Miñano E, Iniesta López-Matencio P, Ortiz Ruiz AJ. Application of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) systems in child cancer patients: a clinical case report. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2017;18(3):219-24.
  • 4. Kockanat A, Unal M. In vivo and in vitro comparison of ICDAS II, DIAGNOdent pen, CarieScan PRO and SoproLife camera for occlusal caries detection in primary molar teeth. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2017;18(2):99-104.
  • 5. Qudeimat MA, Alomari QD, Altarakemah Y, Alshawaf N, Honkala EJ. Variables affecting the inter- and intra-examiner reliability of ICDAS for occlusal caries diagnosis in permanent molars. J Public Health Dent. 2016;76(1):9-16.
  • 6. Dikmen B. Icdas II criteria (international caries detection and assessment system). J Istanb Univ Fac Dent. 2015;49(3):63-72.
  • 7. Ekstrand KR, Gimenez T, Ferreira FR, Mendes FM, Braga MM. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System - ICDAS: A Systematic Review. Caries Res. 2018;52(5):406-19.
  • 8. Bussaneli DG, Boldieri T, Diniz MB, Rivera LM, Santos-Pinto L, Cordeiro R de C. Influence of professional experience on detection and treatment decision of occlusal caries lesions in primary teeth. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2015;25(6):418-27.
  • 9. International Caries Detection and Assessment System Coordinating Committee. Criteria Manual: International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II). Budapest, Hungary: ICDAS; 2009.
  • 10. Neuhaus KW, Jost F, Perrin P, Lussi A. Impact of different magnification levels on visual caries detection with ICDAS. J Dent. 2015;43(12):1559-64.
  • 11. Oliveira RS, Zenkner JE, Maltz M, Rodrigues JA. Association between two visual criteria in assessing non-cavitated caries lesion activity on occlusal surfaces of permanent molars. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(2):565-8.
  • 12. Santos VE Jr, Vasconcelos Filho A, Targino AG, Flores MA, Galembeck A, Caldas AF Jr, et al. A new "silver-bullet" to treat caries in children-nano silver fluoride: a randomised clinical trial. J Dent. 2014;42(8):945-51.
  • 13. Dos Santos Junior VE, de Sousa RM, Oliveira MC, de Caldas Junior AF, Rosenblatt A. Early childhood caries and its relationship with perinatal, socioeconomic and nutritional risks: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2014 May 6;14:47
  • 14. Katz CR, de Andrade Mdo R, Lira SS, Ramos Vieira EL, Heimer MV. The concepts of minimally invasive dentistry and its impact on clinical practice: a survey with a group of Brazilian professionals. Int Dent J. 2013;63(2):85-90.
  • 15. Dos Santos Junior VE, Rodriguez Diaz JM, Filho AVA, Figueiredo MGF, Guerra CARM, Caldas Junior AF, et al. Trend and polarization of dental caries in pre-schoolers. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 2015;52(1):39-46.
  • 16. Chestnutt IG. School-based dental programs prevent dental caries in children at high risk for caries from low socioeconomic backgrounds. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2014;14(1):36-8.
  • 17. Rozier RG, White BA, Slade GD. Trends in Oral Diseases in the U.S. Population. J Dent Educ. 2017;81(8):eS97-eS109.
  • 18. Sheiham A, James WP. A reappraisal of the quantitative relationship between sugar intake and dental caries: the need for new criteria for developing goals for sugar intake. BMC Public Health. 2014 Sept. 16;14:863.
  • 19. Sheiham A, James WP. A new understanding of the relationship between sugars, dental caries and fluoride use: implications for limits on sugars consumption. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(10):2176-84.
  • 20. Carvalho JC, Dige I, Machiulskiene V, Qvist V, Bakhshandeh A, Fatturi-Parolo C, et al. Occlusal Caries: Biological Approach for Its Diagnosis and Management. Caries Res. 2016;50(6):527-542.
  • 21. Ozturk E, Sinanoglu A. Histological validation of cone-beam computed tomography versus laser fluorescence and conventional diagnostic methods for occlusal caries detection. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(2):61-8.
  • 22. El-Damanhoury HM, Fakhruddin KS, Awad MA. Effectiveness of teaching International Caries Detection and Assessment System II and its e-learning program to freshman dental students on occlusal caries detection. Eur J Dent. 2014;8(4):493-7.
  • 23. Theocharopoulou A, Lagerweij MD, van Strijp AJ. Use of the ICDAS system and two fluorescence-based intraoral devices for examination of occlusal surfaces. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2015;16(1):51-5.
  • 24. Iranzo-Cortés JE, Almarche-Tarazona M, Montiel-Company JM, Almerich-Silla JM. Diagnostic validity of ICDAS II, VistaProof and a combination of these two methods. An in vitro study in pre-cavitated lesions. Lasers Surg Med. 2018;50(2):166-73.
  • 25. Bottenberg P, Jacquet W, Behrens C, Stachniss V, Jablonski-Momeni A. Comparison of occlusal caries detection using the ICDAS criteria on extracted teeth or their photographs. BMC Oral Health. 2016 Sep 7;16(1):93.
  • 26. Chaffee BW, Cheng J, Featherstone JD. Non-operative anti-caries agents and dental caries increment among adults at high caries risk: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):111.
  • 27. Diniz M, Lima LM, Santos-Pinto L, Eckert GJ, Zandoná AG, de Cássia Loiola Cordeiro R. Influence of the ICDAS e-learning program for occlusal caries detection on dental students. J Dent Educ. 2010;74(8):862-8.
  • 28. Zandona AG, Al-Shiha S, Eggertsson H, Eckert G. Student versus faculty performance using a new visual criteria for the detection of caries on occlusal surfaces: an in vitro examination with histological validation. Oper Dent. 2009;34(5):598-604.
  • 29. Richards D. Fluoride gel effective at reducing caries in children. Evid Based Dent. 2015;16(4):108-9.
  • 30. Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Forss H, Walsh T, Nordblad A, Mäkelä M, Worthington HV. Pit and fissure sealants for preventing dental decay in permanent teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 31;7:CD001830.
History:
  • » Received: 19/10/2017
  • » Accepted: 23/11/2018


Bookmark and Share